Comparative Study of Solar Inactivation of Total Coliforms through Transparent Plastic Bottles and Fabricated Disinfection Setup

The water is disinfected through different techniques commonly used at domestic level, including boiling, chlorination, UV (Ultraviolet) disinfection, etc. These methods require extensive amount of chemicals, energy and trained manpower. The solar disinfection of drinking water found as best among all other disinfection techniques as it is easy to apply, economically feasible and environmentally friendly technique. In this study a series of experiments were conducted in order to characterize the bacterial inactivation process contained in FDS (Fabricated Disinfection Setup), consists of a stainless steel tub and glass covering, and TPB (Transparent Plastic Bottles). In this study the role of solar radiation in bacterial inactivation process is compared in transparent plastic bottles and stainless steel tub to determine the performance of both by simulating conditions of turbidity, temperature, and exposure time. The results showed that disinfection of water contained in a stainless steel tub promoted more successful inactivation of total Coliforms reduction about 80% than that of transparent plastic bottles about 70%.


INTRODUCTION
economics and ability to remove pathogens. But due to growing concern for the formation of trihalomethane a dangerous substance for human health alternative methods can be used for alleviating the carcinogenic effect of trihalomethane. Advanced oxidation process e.g.
heterogeneous Fenton was also evaluated for inactivating total coliform and E.coli [3][4][5][6]. Solar bacterial inactivation is process of making water free from biological contamination and to make it safe for drinking purpose.
Polluted portable water contains a major health issues to living beings globally. The issue is distinctly notable in underdeveloped nations mostly in dry regions of the world where water sources are insufficient. In developing nations, ground water resources such as rivers, streams and lakes are used for different purposes, inclusive of animal watering, bathing, drinking, and cooking. The discharge of feces from the body and urination mostly occur near water origins; like abstraction wells and other water bodies [7]. Such drinking water sources become contaminated with pathogenic organisms due to the waste of human and animal excreta. Individuals in underdeveloped nations might not have other choice for drinking water, due to the scarcity of water, lack of water treatment plants and the environmental conditions of the area [8].
More than one billion individuals every year are getting into contact to unprotected potable water because of bad source impure water quality and lack of satisfactory water treatment [9]. This outcome in 9x108 cases of diarrhea every year. 5 out of every 1000 of those exposed to unprotected drinking water will lose their life due to harmful diseases carried by the polluted water; 2.5 will lose their life from dehydration due to diarrhea mostly children are affected. Diarrheal infection results in undernutrition, fatigue, and an increase in susceptibility to diseases, and can be life harming.
Approximately 2.5-15 million number of children pass away every year because of water borne and related diseases [10].
The lack of satisfactory drinking water in underdeveloped nations is a constantly increasing issue; due to rapid increase in mankind which has adverse impact on the drinking water sources. Demand of water for growing population, industry and the other recreational uses is a challenge for the developing world. Polluted water sources must be treated properly for the drinking purpose. The major water pollutants are known as pathogens (diseases causing) bacteria, physical and chemical substances, amongst these pollutants pathogenic bacteria are more harmful to health [11]. For the treatment/removal of pathogenic microorganisms/bacteria various methods are employed during the drinking water treatment [12].
Countryside communities dependent on boiling as a disinfectant, normally consume one kg of wood fire for every litre of water, which is outside the income of utmost family unit [13]. Only the water disinfection through the solar radiations is known as cheapest method of water treatment. Whereas water is exposed to the sun light for the specific time to destroy the bacteria through solar radiations. Besides this no special technology, or manpower is required to run the system which makes it environment friendly, economical, and easy to apply for the production of disinfected water for the drinking and cooking purpose for the members of a household family [14].
The maximum advantage of this system is recommended for the areas which get maximum solar radiation, especially (areas) between the latitude of 35 o C to the North and South [15]. Some variables those effect on the system are also reported during the previous studies  This study was also conducted to find out the best disinfection method by determining the effects of temperature, exposure time and turbidity on both setups. This present study was carried out to explore the potential of this inexpensive disinfection technology by comparing the bacterial inactivation process in transparent plastic bottles and fabricated disinfection setup.

METHODOLOGY
The impacts of sun radiation on the inactivation of total     [19][20]. For other samples with less turbidity desired, accordingly kaolin solution was added.

Preparation of Sample Water
The level of turbidity greatly affects the solar inactivation process, a range of 0-300 have been tested [21]. That is why we have selected theses ranges. Prepared samples were exposed to sunlight for 5 hours at temperature 30-55°C.
The total coliform count was measured by using standard method of microbiological examination, Membrane filtration technique [22][23][24].

Analysis of Raw Water and Treated Water Contained in Transparent Plastic Bottle
The

Analysis of Raw Water and Treated Water Contained in Fabricated Disinfection Setup
The

Membrane Filtration Technique
To test drinking water using membrane filtration technique, a 100 ml sample is tested. Overall coliform bacteria from filter paper with EMB agar medium are determined by using incubator at a temperature of 35  0.5 centigrade for 24 hours.  Table 2 and Fig. 3.

Comparative Representation of Percentage Reduction in FDS and TPB on the Basis of Turbidity
Other eight (8) Table 3 and Fig. 4.

Comparative Representation of Percentage Reduction in FDS and TPB on the Basisof Exposure Time
In  Table 4 and Fig. 5 By performing experiments on above conditions we did not find better results of percent reduction in the colonies forming bacteria in the samples having turbidity 250NTU. Therefore, if the turbidity of water is greater

FIG. 3. DEPTH/VOLUME VS % REDUCTION
than 20NTU, the water needs to be pre-treated before being exposed. Larger constituent part and solid objects can be removed by keeping the untreated water for a single day and allowing the constituent part to settle down to the lowermost area [25][26][27]. Turbidity concentration can also be decreased by flocculation/ sedimentation by means of Aluminium Sulphates or Moringa oleifera seeds [28].

CONCLUSION
The purpose of doing this study is to determine the disinfection of water by using the natural energy and the purpose of building up this simple apparatus is to disinfect the water in proper way and to provide the rural areas a good quality of apparatus in cheap and low maintenance cost. This is a simple method of disinfecting water in which we can vary the turbidity, depth or volume of