Solid Waste Management Issues in Hyderabad City

Solid waste is a great threat not only to the economy of any country but for the environment too. The public through various sources generate tons of solid waste regularly. In the era of globalization, one of the rising issues of developing and under developed countries is handling such huge masses of solid waste. Hyderabad is the 2 largest city of Sindh and 6 in Pakistan. Unfortunately, it does not poses proper solid waste management system right from collection up to its proper disposal. Most of those uncollected wastage poses a highrisk to the public through blockage of drains and formation of stagnant ponds which provide a breeding ground for flies and mosquitoes with a high risk of diseases. The public role and awareness can reduce this enormous load from Government. This research aims to uncover the reasons for solid waste generation in Hyderabad city. For data collection, various dumping sites in the city have been visited. Interviews were conducted with municipal officers of city for more precise data and possible causes of waste generation. Finally, a questionnaire survey has been conducted to list out top most significant causes of poor work management in the city. The data was analyzed in SPSS 24.0 with the help of average index technique. From the analysis of data, the top critical causes have been identified for Hyderabad city and discussed with the field expert for their possible solution.

Beside this, another raising matter of concerns is a high quantum generation of solid waste. Increasing population, industrialization, urbanization and change in consumption patterns have a severe impact in raising the solid waste countrywide [1]. This has exerted adverse effects on environmental conditions of urban areas [2]. This can be visualized as results of non-serious attitude every day. In Pakistan municipal governments are usually responsible agency for solid waste collection and disposal, but the magnitude of the problem is well beyond the ability of any municipal government. TMA (Tehsil Municipal Administration) is responsible for the collection, transportation and disposal, but the current situation is becoming worst. They are unable to cope with continuously increasing wastage volume because of lack of rules, regulations, lack of fundraising, lack of self-awareness, lack of management and expertise and last but not the least due to lack of collection vehicles, equipment & recycling technology [5].
Solid waste is an unavoidable by-product of most anthropogenic activities. Paper, packing material, polythene bags, metal, plastic, food waste, e-waste, glass and packing materials are the major contributor to generating Municipal Solid Waste. In most of the countries like in low and average revenue generation, there are various social as well as environmental severe threats due to the mismanagement of solid waste [6].
This emphasis on the need for proper solid waste management system in the city otherwise it may cause many negative effects which could create certain problems for the community and would reduce social values. In Hyderabad city the domestic waste has not been carried out in a sufficient manner in regard to transportation up to disposal due to several social and financial issues.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The environment friendly management of municipal solid waste is a global challenge [8]. However, many municipalities fail in controlling the management of solid

Solid Waste Management Issues in Hyderabad City
waste because of lack of institutional, regulatory, financial, technical, and public participation [9]. Few administrative entities have framed strategies for environmental protection but unfortunately these rules are mainly adopted in capital cities only [10]. Yet, in most of the cities, open space areas are utilized for dumping [11].
Reduction of this issue is a great challenge for developing countries like Pakistan. The public can play the major role in reduction and overall management of this issue. In Pakistan, it is reported that solid waste generated is near about 64,000 tons per day [12]. It seems that there is lack of awareness regarding the issue of solid waste management whereas the prime and effective solid waste management is only possible with an attitude of the public [13]. Japan is reported as successful in reducing solid waste by implementing the concept of shared responsibility where Public detach the waste into combustibles, non-combustibles and recyclables before dumping. Municipalities gather waste paper, glass, metal, etc. as recyclables to recycle while other wastes which include plastics, glass, metal etc. are crumpled before recycling [14].
Keeping in the view the current severity of problems due to solid waste, Pakistan is now more focusing on formulating rules and regulations. Also it is actively involved in finding donor agencies such as World Bank.
But unfortunately, this practice is again not effective as environmental institutions, laws, and other initiatives have not proved successful in resolving the concerned matters [15]. In such situations, the policy of sharing practices i.e. public to separate waste and approach directly to the concerned authority seems to be a better decision.

Involvement of community and private sector through
NGOs will be helpful in increasing efficiency of solid waste management [11].
Performance of solid waste management is directly affected by the community and the policies of the government. In many of the municipalities of Pakistan, the system for collection and disposal of the waste is not proper or there is a lack of operations. Hence, this drew the attention of the researchers to study the system and issues related to solid waste management in Pakistani municipalities. However, the focus of this paper is the solid waste management in the city of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Respondents were asked to give feedback for each reason listed in the questionnaire used the scale as X 1 = Not Important; X 2 = Slightly Important; X 3 = Moderately Important; X 4 = Very Important; X 5 = Extremely Important. Assessment of level of significance was done using on AI (Average Index) method calculated based on frequency calculated with the help of statistical software SPSS. AI value was calculated based on following formula as adopted from [16].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Four waste disposal sites were selected and visited in order to observe the issues regarding solid waste management practiced in Hyderabad as well as understanding sources and types of waste disposedoff.

Issues Regarding Solid Waste System in Hyderabad
In Hyderabad, it is observed that solid waste management is very poor. This inefficiency of the system is because of several issues which are discussed below:

Operations and Maintenance
By visiting several areas and disposal sites, it was found that many of the times collection of waste is delayed or No matter how efficient a solid waste system adopted but it will fail to achieve the required efficiency if there is no effective operation and maintenance [9].

Waste Collection and Storage
For roads and streets cleaning and gathering the waste, there is no proper schedule for the entire city.
Somewhere this process is regularly done but a complete discrimination is found for other less

Waste Transferring
One of the major issues regarding solid waste management a spects i n Hydera bad city is t he transferring after being collected to the designated place.
A study highlighted that the generation of solid waste is about 1600 tons with a rate of 0.6-0.8kg/capita/day [17]. To collect this huge quantum of waste, the local government. has no facilities in the form of vehicles to

Waste Disposal and Treatment
Normally the waste is disposed of on uncontrolled non engineered landfills. Also, there is no control on the entry of rag pickers who carryout rag picking in a haphazard and hazardous way. The leachate generated is not collected properly or treated before being discharged into water bodies. This increases contamination in the water.
In order to reduce this contamination, it is compulsory that engineered landfills with proper leachate collection,

Sources of Disposed Solid Waste
The sources of disposing of waste were categorized into four groups as residential, commercial, institutional and municipal service.

SOURCE AND TYPES OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
The mean of the 1 st factor has 18.90 SD (Standard Deviation). Most of the respondents i.e. 46 out of 63 marked this factor extremely important. The major reason is, increase in population is a common cause of waste generation in Hyderabad and mostly people agree with it, that is why it has the highest value of AI too. For factors from 2 nd to 6 th , SD is within almost equal range, here, the majority of respondents are lying in VI (Very Important) and EI (Extremely Important). However, the minimum SD is calculated for factor high living standards. Here the respondents are lying from SI (Slightly Important) to EIEI. The major reason being the difference of opinion on this factor. As some people observe the high standards living positively, with a high level of awareness. However, others take in a different way i.e. generating a high level of waste.
From Table 2 it can be observed that increase in population is reported as the most significant reason for solid waste in Hyderabad city. Further, overall the solid waste management system in Hyderabad is very poor and not able to deal properly. Though it is difficult to control the population growth, however, there must be law and order situation and enforcement of rule by the government regarding population control throughout all over the country.
The second important factor is "Non bio degradable material usage". These materials are not easily degradable hence this is one the most cause of high magnitude of solid waste in the city. The companies should focus on this matter, and such, materials should No.  Fig.5 shows open dumping of solid waste on road.

Causes of Wastage Generation
Awareness among public is the third important cause as found by this research. The most common mistake of now a day is un-awareness regarding waste. It has been observed that public does not participate in minimizing the waste production but increase it by several means. The public could not recognize it as their duty to minimize waste and throw them on roads making the environment flirty and un-healthy and then start blaming the government. The major role is played by the public itself in this regard the need of the hour is to make them aware by various social activities.
Poor management of the higher authorities is also reported as a major cause and placed at 3 rd rank. Management in any situation is the key to success for any organization but poor management either it is a residential or a commercial project can lead to failure. In same regards the poor management of restaurants, commercial areas and construction work lead up to increase in waste production which can be minimized by developing a proper management plan for each organization.
Defect or bad quality from process and design is also a They often do shopping in parts. This is also a major cause.

FIG. 5. OPEN DUMPING OF SOLID WASTE BY COMMUNITY ON ROAD
Besides these, a limited knowledge of the ways of storing material can cause damaging of material before use i.e. correct use of container and materials to reduce waste (for example, how to preserve and use leftovers creatively).
It will help the house holders specially to reduce domestic waste as it is important for Hyderabad city because most of the city is consist of a residential area.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to our whole team for making this work possible. The authors are exceedingly thankful to Engr. Fida Hussain Siddiqui, and Engr. Moazzam Mughal, for their help during data collection. Finally, authors are thankful to Almighty Allah, who is ever graceful on us.