Article Information  
Stiff Columns as Liquefaction Mitigation Measure for Retrofit of Existing Buildings

Keywords: Liquefaction, Jet Grouted Columns, Retrofit, Adjacent Columns, Existing Buildings, Mitigation, Numerical Modelling.

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology

Volume 31 ,  Issue 4

Zaheer  Ahmed  Almani , Naeem  Aziz  Memon , Ashfaque Ahmed Memon   ,

References
1. Kishida, H., "Damage to Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Niigata City with Special Reference to Foundation Engineering", Soils and Foundations, Volume 6, No. 1, pp. 71-88, Japan, 1966.
2. Ohsaki, Y., "Niigata Earthquake, Building Damage and Soil Condition", Soils and Foundations, Volume 3, No. 2, pp. 14-37, Japan, 1964.
3. Seed, H.B., and Idriss, I.M., ''Analysis of Soil Liquefaction, Niigata Earthquake'', Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, Volume 93, No. 3, pp. 83-108, USA, 1967.
4. Martin, J.R., Olgun, C.G., Mitchell, J.K., and Durgunoglu, H.T., "High Modulus Columns for Liquefaction Mitigation", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Volume 130, No. 6, pp. 561-571, USA, 2004.
5. Mitrani, H., and Madabhushi, S.P.G., "Centrifuge Modelling of Inclined Micro-Piles for Liquefaction Remediation for Existing Buildings", Geomechanics and Geo Engineering: An International Journal, Volume 3, No. 4, pp. 245-256, UK, 2008.
6. Coelho, P.A.L.F., Haigh, S.K., and Madabhushi, S.P.G., "Post-Earthquake Behaviour of Footings Employing Densification to Mitigate Liquefaction", Ground Improvement, Volume 1, No. 1, pp. 45-53, UK, 2007.
7. Mitrani, H., and Madabhushi, "Cementation Liquefaction Remediation for Existing Buildings", Ground Improvement, Volume 163, No. G12, pp. 81-94, UK, 2010.
8. Adalier, K., Elgamal, A., Meneses, J., and Baez, J.I., "Stone Columns as a Liquefaction Countermeasure in Non-Plastic Silty Soils", Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Volume 23, pp. 571-584, USA, 2003.
9. Almani, Z.A., "The Influence of Ground Reinforcement on Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Resistance of Foundations", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham, UK, 2011.
10. Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., “Itasca FLAC2D V6.0/ FLAC3D V3.1: Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua”, User Manuals, Minneapolis, USA, 2009.
11. Seed, H.B., and Idriss, I.M., "Soil Moduli and Damping Factors for Dynamic Response Analyses", Report EERC 70-10, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1970.
12. Hardin, B.O., and Drnevich, V.P., "Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils: Design Equations and Curves", Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Volume 98, No. 7, pp. 667-692, USA, 1972.
13. Coelho, P.A.L.F., "In Situ Densification as Liquefaction Mitigation Measure", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK, 2007.
14. O'Tourke, T.D., and Goh, S.H., "Reduction of Liquefaction Hazards by Deep Soil Mixing", Proceedings of the Workshop on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers in Transportation Facilities, National Centre for Earthquake Engineering Research, pp. 87-105, Buffalo, USA, 1997.
15. Sharma, S.S., and Fahey, M., "Deformation Characteristics of Two Cemented Calcareous Cemented Soils", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Volume 41, pp. 1139-1151, Canada, 2004.
16. Skempton, A.W., and MacDonald, D.H.," The Allowable Settlements of Buildings", Proceedings of International Conference on Engineering, Volume 5, No. 3, pp. 737-784, USA, 1956.
17. Das, B.M., “Principles of Foundation Engineering”, 4th Edition, Global Engineering, Cengage Learning, USA, 2007.
18. Duncan, J.M. and Tan, C.K., “Engineering Manual for Estimating Tolerable Movements”, NCHRP Report No. 343, Foundations, pp. 219-225, USA, 1991.