Article Information  
Use of Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Signals for the Enhancement of Subharmonic Response from Contrast Microbubbles

Keywords: Nonlinear Chirp, Frequency Modulation, Contrast Agent, Microbubbles, Subharmonic Component, Ultrasound

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology

Volume 36 ,  Issue 1

MUHAMMAD   ARIF , MUHAMMAD ASIM   , FARIDA MEMON   ,

References
1. DeJong, N., Frinking, P.J.A., Bouakaz, A., and Cate, F.J.T., "Detection Procedures of Ultrasound Contrast Agents", Ultrasonics, Volume 38, No. 1-8, pp. 87-92, 2000
2. DeJong, N., Emmer, M., van Wamel, A., and Versluis, M., "Ultrasonic Characterization of Ultrasound Contrast Agents", Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, Volume 47, No. 8, pp. 861-873, 2009
3. Tranquart, F., Grenier, N., Eder, V., and Pourcelot, L., "Clinical Use of Ultrasound Tissue Harmonic Imaging", Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, Volume 25, No. 6, pp. 889-894, 1999.
4. Duck, F.A., "Nonlinear Acoustics in Diagnostic Ultrasound", Ultrasoundin Medicine & Biology, Volume 28, No. 1, pp. 1-18, 2002.
5. Krishna, P.D., Shankar, P.M., and Newhouse, V.L., "Sub harmonic Generation from Ultrasonic Contrast Agents", Physics in Medicine & Biology, Volume 44, No. 3, pp. 681-694, 1999
6. Forsberg, F., Shi, W.T., and Goldberg, B.B., "Sub harmonic Imaging of Contrast Agents", Ultrasonics, Volume 38, No. 1-8, pp. 93-98, 2000.
7. Shankar, P.M., Krishna, P.D., and Newhouse, V.L., "Advantages of Subharmonic Over Second Harmonic Backscatter for Contrast-to-Tissue Echo Enhancement", Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, Volume 24, No. 3, pp. 395-399, 1998.
8. Eller, A., and Flynn, H.G., "Generation of Subharmonics of Order One Half by Bubbles in a Sound Field", The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 46, No. 3B, pp. 722-727, 1969.
9. Andersen, K.S., and Jensen, J.A., "Impact of Acoustic Pressure on Ambient Pressure Estimation Using Ultrasound Contrast Agent", Ultrasonics, Volume 50, No. 2, pp. 294-299, 2010.
10. Biagi, E., Breschi, L., Vannacci, E., and Masotti, L., "Subharmonic Emissions from Microbubbles: Effect of the Driving Pulse Shape", IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume 53, No. 11, pp. 2174-2182, 2006
11. DeJong, N., Emmer, M., Chin, C.T., Bouakaz, A., Mastik, F., Lohse, D., and Versluis, M., "Compression- Only Behavior of Phospholipid-Coated Contrast Bubbles", Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, Volume 33, No. 4, pp. 653-656, 2007.
12. Forsberg, F., Dave, J., Halldorsdottir, V., Leodore, L., Lin, F., Hall, A., and Thomenius, K., "Applying Real-Time Noninvasive Pressure Estimation Obtained from Subharmonic Contrast Microbubble Signals", IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, pp. 1694-1697, 2008.
13. Goertz, D., Frijlink, M., Tempel, D., Krams, R., DeJong, N., and Van derSteen, A., "Subharmonic Contrast Intravascular Ultrasound", IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, pp. 1065-1068, 2007.
14. Forsberg, F., Piccoli, C., Ro, R., Lipcan, K., Merton, D., Liu, J., Soparawala, R., Shi, W.T., and Hall, A., "Contrast Enhanced Subharmonic Breast Imaging: Work in Progress", IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, Volume 1, pp. 625-628, 2005.
15. Forsberg, F., Liu, J.B., Shi, W.T., Ro, R., Lipcan, K.J., Deng, X., and Hall, A. L., "In Vivo Perfusion Estimation Using Subharmonic Contrast Microbubble Signals", Journal of Ultrasound Medical, Volume 25, No. 1, pp. 15-21, 2006.
16. Simpson, D., Chin, C.T., and Burns, P., "Pulse Inversion Doppler: A New Method for Detecting Nonlinear Echoes from Microbubble Contrast Agents", IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume 46, No. 2, pp. 372-382, 1999
17. Brock-Fisher, G., Poland, M., and Rafter, P., "Means for Increasing Sensitivity in Nonlinear Ultrasound Imaging Systems", US Patent, No. 5577505, November, 1996
18. Eckersley, R.J., Chin, C.T., and Burns, P.N., "Optimizing Phase and Amplitude Modulation Schemes for Imaging Microbubble Contrast Agents at Low Acoustic Power", Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, Volume 31, No. 2, pp. 213-219, 2005
19. Emmer, M., Vos, H., Versluis, M., and DeJong, N., "Radial Modulation of Single Microbubbles", IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume 56, No. 11, pp. 2370-2379, 2009.
20. Bouakaz, A., Van der Meer, S., Versluis, M., and DeJong, N., "Chirpreversal Ultrasound Contrast Imaging", IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, pp. 224-227, 2006.
21. Misaridis, T., and Jensen, J., "Use of Modulated Excitation Signals in Medical Ultrasound. Part-I: Basic Concepts and Expected Benefits", IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume 52, No. 2, pp. 177-191, 2005
22. Gran, F., and Jensen, J., "Designing Waveforms for Temporal Encoding Using a Frequency Sampling Method", IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume 54, No. 10, pp. 2070-2081, 2007.
23. Pollakowski, M., and Ermert, H., "Chirp Signal Matching and Signal Power Optimization in Pulse-Echo Mode Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing", IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume 41, No. 5, pp. 655-659, 1994.
24. Arif, M., Cowell, D.M.J., and Freear, S., "Pulse Compression of Harmonic Chirp Signals Using the Fractional Fourier Transform", Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, Volume 36, No. 6, pp. 949-956, 2010
25. Collins, T., and Atkins, P., "Nonlinear Frequency Modulation Chirps for Active Sonar", IEE Proceedings on Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Volume 146, No. 6, pp. 312–316, 1999.
26. Marmottant, P., Van der Meer, S., Emmer, M., Versluis, M., de Jong, N., Hilgenfeldt, S., and Lohse, D., "A Model for Large Amplitude Oscillations of Coated Bubbles Accounting for Buckling and Rupture", The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 118, No. 6, pp. 3499-3505, 2005
27. Gorce, J.M., Arditi, M., and Schneider, M., "Influence of Bubble Size Distribution on the Echogenicity of Ultrasound Contrast Agents: A Study of Sonovue", Investigative Radiology, Volume 35, No. 11, pp. 661-671, 2000.
28. Hilgenfeldt, S., Lohse, D., and Zomack, M., "Response of Bubbles to Diagnostic Ultrasound: A Unifying Theoretical Approach", The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Volume 4, pp. 247-255, 1998.
29. Tu, J., Guan, J., Qiu, Y., and Matula, T.J., "Estimating the Shell Parameters of Sonovue® Microbubbles Using Light Scattering", The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 126, No. 6, pp. 2954-2962, 2009.
30. Arif, M., "Ultrasound Harmonic Imaging using Chirp Coded Excitation", Ph.D. Thesis, School of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK, 2010.
31. Zhang, D., Gong, Y., Gong, X., Liu, Z., Tan, K., and Zheng, H., "Enhancement of Subharmonic Emission from Encapsulated Microbubbles by Using a Chirp Excitation Technique", Physics in Medicine and Biology, Volume 52, No. 18, pp. 5531-5544, 2007
32. Harput, S.M.J., Cowell, D.M.J., and Freear, S., "Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging with Chirps: Signal Processing and Pulse Compression" IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, pp. 1-4, 2015.
33. Eisenbrey, J., Sridharan, A., Ji-bin, L., and Forsberg, F., "Recent Experiences and Advances in Contrast- Enhanced Subharmonic Ultrasound", Biomedical Research International, ID 640397, pp. 1-6, 2015.